Measurement Of Impairment Individual Asset â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Measurement Of Impairment Individual Asset? Answer: Introducation Resources whether substantial or elusive are the basic asset controlled by an element over the span of its business. The advantages have their own monetary worth and thus they are required to be represented satisfactorily. Considering the need of appropriate bookkeeping and divulgences of entitys huge resources in the money related reports, Accounting Standard Board has given certain gauges corresponding to the bookkeeping medicines to be given in different circumstances. Resource Impairment is one of those significant circumstances which requires fitting estimation and acknowledgment in the fiscal summaries of the organization. Disability of a benefit has been characterized in the Australian bookkeeping standard as the circumstance when conveying estimation of the advantage surpasses the sum that is recoverable from that specific resource. Bookkeeping treatment to be followed if there should arise an occurrence of debilitation of benefits is endorsed in the AASB 136 gave by Australian Accounting Standard Board (Bond, Govendir Wells, 2016), (Ji, 2013). Any benefit whether it is an unmistakable resource or an immaterial one it might be exposed to impedance contingent on its qualities. The benefits that might be impeded have been normally recognized as plant and apparatus, property plant and gear, generosity licenses and the other impalpable resources. An impedance misfortune on any individual resource must be perceived in the announcement of benefit and misfortune quickly as a cost (Amiraslani, Iatridis Pope, 2013). In any case, if the revaluation save is existing for that specific resource, hindrance misfortune must be charged to the revaluation record to a degree revaluation save is conveying a credit equalization to cover the misfortune. Any measure of debilitation misfortune surpassing the equalization of revaluation hold must be taken to the benefit or misfortune account (Vanza, Wells Wright, 2011). Nonetheless, if the advantage isn't revalued beforehand the disability misfortune on such resource must be straightforwardly charged to the benefit or misfortune account. The organization should likewise uncover the reality of benefit debilitation in the monetary reports as per the necessity of the bookkeeping standard. At consistently finishing the organization needs to evaluate with regards to whether there exists any sign about the benefit weakness. There are sure factors which may demonstrate the debilitation of a benefit. Such factors are characterized under two classifications for example outside and inner variables (Laskaridou Vazakidis, 2013). Following are a portion of the variables that many cast a sign of hindrance: Outer components: The market estimation of the benefit is diminished altogether than the normal decay out of because of typical utilization or taking a break during the revealing time frame (Comiskey Mulford, 2010). Unfavorable innovative, practical and legitimate natural changes in the market with which resource is related The pace of enthusiasm for the market or pace of speculations have been altogether expanded and such changes are likely going to adversely impact the limiting rate which is utilized to decide the estimation of advantage. Interior variables: Out of date quality of benefit or the advantage is genuinely harmed. Proof of the most noticeably awful present or future monetary execution of the benefit is accessible. Huge antagonistic changes in the manners by which resource is by and by utilized or will be utilized in future. For example, end plans of the benefit or resource getting expendable so right on time than the normal helpful life. There must be a basic appraisal of the data which demonstrates the chance of impedance of a benefit. Simply in the wake of thinking about the genuine confirmations of debilitation sign, the disability of an advantage must be estimated and perceived in the budget reports. When the benefit is impeded the conveying measure of the individual resource must be diminished to represent the hindrance. The advantage is viewed as disabled when its conveying esteem surpasses the sum recoverable on that benefit. Conveying sum is the sum with which the advantage is being conveyed in the fiscal summaries of the organization (Sun, Shipan Xia). This sum is determined by deducting the gathered devaluation from the authentic expense of the advantage. Recoverable measure of any advantage is the sum which is distinguished as higher of two qualities for example the incentive being used and the reasonable estimation of advantage. Incentive being used is the entirety of evaluated future incomes from the benefit. Recoverable sum is recognized for each and every individual resource in this business until or except if the advantage don't produce the inflows of money which are fundamentally relying upon incomes of other single or gathering of benefits. On the off chance that any of these two qualities surpasses the sum that is recorded in the budget reports then the advantage is viewed as impeded (A miraslani, Iatridis Pope, 2013). Accordingly the sum with which the disability misfortune is to be perceived in the fiscal summary is the contrast between the real conveying estimation of the advantage and the sum that is recoverable in this way. While perceiving the weakness misfortune if the misfortune sum surpasses the conveying measure of the benefit, the organization may make a risk with respect to it yet this is just conceivable if there is a necessity of some other standard of bookkeeping. In the wake of perceiving the loss of hindrance, the amortization cost or the rest of the deterioration charges subsequently should be apportioned to the changed conveying sum on a methodical premise (Trottier, 2013). In this way it is energetically prescribed to the organizations having generosity or some other elusive resources of like nature, to have a sufficient arrangement of impedance check for all the pertinent and noteworthy resources at yearly spans to stay away from the outcomes of abrupt decrease in the estimations of the advantages. Anyway resources other than the immaterial resources are required to checked for debilitation just when there signs of impedance. Decrease in the market estimation of the benefits than the advantages net an incentive after deterioration charges is a significant trigger for the Impairment testing. Be that as it may, it there is any expansion in the recoverable measure of a benefit more than its net resource esteem then such an augmentation must be disregarded. Resource Impairment requires prompt acknowledgment as it a material misfortune in the financial estimation of the advantages. Part B Calculation of Impairment Loss of Gali Ltd. Sum. Plant less Accumulated deterioration 4,84,000.00 Hardware 1,11,000.00 Fittings 70,000.00 Stock 30,000.00 Generosity 25,000.00 All out 7,20,000.00 B. Recoverable sum (a) Value being used 6,45,000.00 B. Recoverable sum 6,45,000.00 C. Weakness Loss (A-B) 75,000.00 Designation of impedance misfortune Generosity 25,000.00 Land 18,196.00 Amassed Impairment Losses 31,804.00 Diary Entries of Impairment Loss for Gali Ltd Weakness Loss A/c Dr ... 75,000.00 To Goodwill A/c 25,000.00 To Equipment A/c 18,196.00 To Accumulated Impairment Losses 31,804.00 Amassed Impairment Losses A/c Dr 31,804.00 To Profit Loss A/c 31,804.00 References Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. furthermore, Pope, P.F., 2013. Representing resource impairment.London: Cass Business School. Bond, D., Govendir, B. furthermore, Wells, P., 2016. An assessment of benefit disabilities by Australian firms and whether they were affected by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.259-288. Comiskey, E.E. what's more, Mulford, C.W., 2010. Generosity, activating occasions, and hindrance accounting.Managerial Finance,36(9), pp.746-767. Ji, K., 2013. Preferred late over never, the planning of generosity impedance testing in Australia.Australian Accounting Review,23(4), pp.369-379. Laskaridou, E.C. furthermore, Vazakidis, A., 2013. Identifying resource impedance the board: Some proof from food and refreshment recorded companies.Procedia Technology,8, pp.493-497. Sun, Shipan, and Xia Xu. Study on the Asset Impairment Accounting.International Journal of Business and Management5, no. 6 (2010): 199. Trottier, K., 2013. The impact of reversibility on an administrator's choice to record resource impairments.Accounting Perspectives,12(1), pp.1-22. Vanza, S., Wells, P.A. what's more, Wright, A., 2011. Resource weakness and the exposure of private data.

Integrating Business Model Canvas in Feasibility Assessment of Share Essay - 136

Incorporating Business Model Canvas in Feasibility Assessment of Share Economy Businesses - Essay Example The Business Canvas Model’s Inspiration is a craftsman who accomplishes his work on canvas painting. The frame of the model thinks about the shopper, the item offered, the foundation and the monies of a plan of action. The Canvas Model is a perception of a plan of action that looks to clarify how a firm makes, conveys and catches esteem. There are nine structure hinders inside the Business Canvas Model. Its fame is mostly with business visionaries for business advancement. An arrangement of an achievability concentrate with a plan of action is a key business-arranging device. Being an offer economy business, a large portion of AirBnB’s client fragments are reliant as a rule comprising of individual and business voyagers (PPTPOP 2014). Recognizing the various markets, for example, the mass market, specialty showcase, divided, differentiated, or a multi-side stage is an essential stage simultaneously (Osterwalder and Pigneur 2013, p.164). The organization takes into accou nt a multi-sided advertise. It offers shared rooms; private rooms or a visitor could simply lease the whole spot. Achievability examination is important to discover the hole in the present market (Hass2 008, p.48). The individual explorers were the underlying objective for Airbnb as they were the most alive to estimating and progressively amiable to where they remained. Airbnb's contribution is particularly mainstream with business voyagers who need to remain in a spot for over a week and need to feel more simple than in an inn. The principle channels for client obtaining for AirBnB are its site and application, online networking, open connection, and informal. An offer economy business supports community oriented utilization in the economy (Botsman and Rogers2010, p. 132). Identifying how the offer of the organization is an essential stage in the attainability study (Johnson 2010, p.158).

Let it snow

Let it snow Today was going to be my sleep day. I was going to go to sleep on Saturday night (ok, so it was actually really early Sunday morning) and sleep through until 9 AM Monday, when I have to get up to get ready for my first class of the week, and in so doing I would catch up on all of the sleep debt that Ive accumulated over the course of my entire life. Unfortunately, I woke up around 1 PM anyway and was about to go back to sleep when I heard April the Californian open the shade above her bed, look out the window, and say something about the winter. Thats how I knew that it snowed. So of course I had to get up and open the shade above my bed, and this is what I saw: Very pretty, isnt it? =) Now that I was up, I realized that I was pretty hungry, so I decided to make cinnamon rolls for breakfast. As Im sure you know, these go very well with milk, but my milk was in a fridge on Conner 4 (along with my eggs, apple juice, and maple syrup. I think Im going to start telling people that I live on Conner 3 even though I barely ever spend time there, because I dont officially live on Conner 4 but wellas you can see from the list above, I went so far as to have breakfast there Saturday morning. Its a long story. A really long story. So since C3 is halfway between C2 and C4, so I think I should just start telling people thats where I live.) Anyway, on my way back down with my milk (the eggs, syrup and apple juice still need to be retreived), I noticed that there was a really neat view out of the window in the stairwell. You can look out into the little courtyard-type-thing in the middle of the dorm. (As you can see, BC is basically a string of Us, and this window looks out into the third one from the left, which has an entrance to the dorm.) So after eating my breakfast, I went and took a couple of pictures: Then I went back to sleep. When I finally dragged myself out of bed (I wont even say what time it was), I went to church, and from church to the grocery store (because otherwise I was going to start going hungry pretty soon). At the store I picked up some nifty Christmas lights! Heres a better picture where you can see what our room actually looks like: Notice the candy canes that April put up in the upper lefthand corner. Were just chock full of holiday spirit. Then, just a few minutes ago, Batya 08, Alex 08, and Ruth 07 all came by to ask for my signature on their nomination forms. (Theyre all running for Burton-Conner government.) Ruth said (as she always does), Hey, you can blog about this now! And tell all of the prospective freshman about BC government and the election process! Which is a great idea, only I dont know anything about the BC government election process, so maybe Ill have Ruth write a guest entry about it on my blog like shes done on Sams so many times before. And that was my day. Utterly unproductive-but I loved it. Write me emails. Leave me comments. Parents too! Bloggers love it. Promise. And if you asked a question awhile ago and never got an answer, Im working on it. Maybe someday Ill be better about writing about the things I actually say Im going to write about

Avoiding Phishing and Email Scams - 1185 Words

It could be said that Phishing and Email scams are something that every Internet user has to face at some point, probably almost on a daily basis. Over the last several years phishing and email scams have increased tremendously, promising to enrich the recipient with just a couple clicks and some personal information. Phishing always spikes with holiday shopping, celebrity scandals, weather disasters and big sporting events (Bond, 2011). Phishing scams generally use fear and expectations. It is almost unimaginable that there might be an Internet user with an email address that hasn’t received an email promising large sums of money from a Nigerian Prince. As mentioned in other sections of this project, the goal is have consumers enticed into revealing their personal identification and financial information on fraudulent websites, also known as spoofed websites (Brody, Mulig, Kimball, 2007). As time has gone on since these scams began appearing on the Internet, the scammers have become more sophisticated. Emails appear more legitimate, appearing to be from sources like the users bank, from the IRS and many other financial entities. In this section we are going to discuss the various ways to discover these scams and what steps should be taken to prevent falling victim to these scams. In today’s world, many Internet users visit websites in which require the use of personal data, such as online banking sites, Paypal accounts, the Internal Revenue Service, Facebook accounts, asShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Accessing Private Information906 Words   |  4 Pagesillegally is through making phishing emails invisible to the users. Such emails can be made invisible to end users in various ways: the first way is to filter phishing emails. 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DataRead MoreProject Report On Cyber Security3058 Words   |  13 PagesOF NEW HAVEN INTRO TO COMPUTER SECURITY INSTRUCTOR: Dr. FRANK BREITINGER FINAL PROJECT REPORT ON PHISHING ATTACK BY AJAY MAREMALLA JAYA RUDRARAJU NAGINI REDDY BOLLA Phishing Attack Abstract: Phishing, the act of stealing personal information via the internet for the purpose of committing financial fraud, has become a significant criminal activity on the internet. The word â€Å"phishing† originally comes from the analogy that early Internet criminals used e-mail lures to â€Å"phish† for passwordsRead MoreE-Safety Essay Introduction- E-Safety E-safety or Electronic safety is about knowing the risks of2000 Words   |  8 Pagesand making sure that technology doesn’t impact your life in a negative way severely. It also includes utilization of information securely. Another aspect of electronic safety is socializing with others safely. 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Both of these are email relatedRead MoreMalware And Its Effects On Society1294 Words   |  6 Pagestoday because email providers are able to better filter them, but spammers are still able to get some messages through the complex filters. S pammers hope that out of the billions of messages they send at least a small percentage will make it past the filter to convince people to purchase the spammers goods. Phishing is another form cybercrime linked to malware. Most attackers use email to to deliver these attacks, and these can â€Å"vary from emails pretending to be from your bank or email service providersRead MoreCredit Card Fraud And Money Laundering2028 Words   |  9 Pagescharge purchases. In addition to skimming thieves steal card information by using a method called phishing, Phishing is a crime that starts with deceptive e-mails being sent to consumers. 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Every time you register at an online casino your IP address is registered too, which means it is easy to see when a single user applies for multiple accountsRead MoreThe New York State Electric Gas Co2356 Words   |  10 Pagesdecide about what changes they should make in order to avoid future data breaches. 2 Problem 2.1 Problem statement There is no generally available source of information that lists a range of options for companies to take necessary steps for avoiding data breaches from reoccurring. 2.2 Significance of the problem and potential benefits Some companies continue to experience data breaches more than one time, even if they have already put security measures in place. After already making investmentsRead MoreComputer Fraud And Identity Theft1705 Words   |  7 Pagessocial media sites. When it comes to destroying personal documents similar to tax forms or invoice receipts the best way is to use a shredder not too simple through them into the garbage. Password protection is essential while using online tools like email, e-filing, and e-banking, for example, the use of a strong password. A strong password will not contain dates or words that are familiar or meaning full such as a birthdate or pets name. Another precaution is to always back digital files and documents

My Reading and Writing Experience over the Years - 616 Words

Literacy Narrative: My Reading and Writing Experience over the Years I have never been the type of student who enjoyed reading or writing. I have always found it difficult to express myself by writing narratives, book reports, and any other required assignment. I am far more skilled at speaking or verbal expression in general as I have found over the years that people tend to misunderstand my point if it is written. When I sit to write, I have to think about what I want to say. This is not easy for me as I tend to think about several things at once. Clearing my mind and focusing on the writing task is a challenge in itself. I do not consider myself a strong writer and find it intimidating especially when I know it will be critiqued. The sense of failure when seeing the paper I worked so hard on look like the newest local headline of a recent murder is disheartening for me. I assume I am being overly critical of myself but those feelings seem to be redeemed when I look over the aftermath of what was my wonderful work of mental art. The irony of all of this is I write many different things in my current job. One any given day I draft contracts, amendments, and addendums to name a few. I have learned a great deal from my bosses and mentors which has made me a better writer and more aware of my grammar and proofreading of work. My Vice President is an attorney and English major with a keen ability to find the minutest errors. I try to take any criticismShow MoreRelatedMy Journey Through Reading And Writing963 Words   |  4 PagesMy journey through reading and writing started once I started school. I don’t remember the early years but they laid down a foundation for me. It got me to where I am today. I love reading for pleasure but I want to be more open to different types of genres. I’m not the best writer but I try my best to write well. I have a strong approach to writing an essay but when it comes to actually writing, I don’t feel too confident. I hope that this year will help me bec ome a better reader and writer. MyRead MoreTaking Advanced Placement English Class880 Words   |  4 Pagesstraight A’s in their high school years. They take advanced placement classes, honors classes, or international baccalaureate classes to receive college credit during high school. However, most students have encountered an ordeal experience in advanced classes that change their academic life. They did not expect advanced class to be challenging that exceeds their knowledge. From writing free responses to memorizing complex concepts for multiple choices, some students experience these hardships such as countlessRead MoreMy Life Of The Elementary School I Went Up A Whole New World849 Words   |  4 PagesAll throughout my life, I have had an interesting relationship with writing. 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Who Won the Civil War North or South Free Essays

For the south it was nearly impossible to win the war . The north had many advantageson the south, which created a large difference in the outcome of the Civil War. The North had a bigger population, better leadership, and Abraham Lincoln. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Won the Civil War: North or South or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lincoln was a leader of the union, and led them to many great victories with his decision making on generals to lead the Union. The north had many plans to shut down the south, though they often took longer than what was expected of them, so many of them were stopped by generals or were figured out by the south. The south came out fighting Fort Sumpter and Bull Run. The advantages that the south had was that all of the battles were in the south and numbers of people who actually wanted to fight for the south was much higher than the soldiers of the north. The south was fighting to keep their way of life, slavery. The north wanted a new constitution and to obliterate the confederacy. Most of the time the north had better in terms of generals, but not always. The north had good generals, but they also had bad ones. The bad ones were either too scared to fight, or didn’t fight fast enough. Ulysses S. Grant was the general that gave the Union the greatest victories. He fought long and hard. He would do anything he possible could to win. The South had a very slim chance to win with this man in charge. The north had more victories and advantages in the war than the south. The durastic effects the south underwent caused them to crumble. Some people say the north won, and some say the south won. The north did everything possible to win the war, and the south could never get anything out of it. How to cite Who Won the Civil War: North or South, Essay examples

“The Monument,” by Elizabeth Bishop Essay Example For Students

â€Å"The Monument,† by Elizabeth Bishop Essay The poem â€Å"The Monument,† by Elizabeth Bishop can be thematically deconstructed in many ways. At first glance, the poem is about a tangible and solid object. The speaker describes this object, a monument, very thoroughly. After further examination and explication it is evident that the poem is not about one object, but about many intangible things such as creativity, art, and intuition. The Bear and Ode on a Grecian Urn The Bear, by William Faulkner and Ode on a Grecian Urn, by John Keats share common ideas. In both works, the main character finds an object to expand their horizons and their minds. Eventually, both objects become untouchable and fall out of time. In addition to falling out of time, both items represent truth to the narrator in that what they represent never changes. In The Bear, Ike does not realize real courage without the bear. In the scene where the fyce attacks the bear, Ike learns what courage really is. In this fashion, the bear is critical for Ike to progress and grow. Ike grows older, and the days of his youth are fleeting, yet the bear, is present throughout his lifetime and is always there. In this way, the bear, to Ike, represents truth. Although the bear may change, what it represents does not change. The bear is the symbol of the everlasting and encompassing wilderness. In the scene in which Ike is face to face with the bear, Ike realizes that the bear is what catalyzes his growth and that killing the bear would serve no purpose. At this point, the bear becomes almost immortal in that people who sought to kill it could not, and those who had a chance, didn t kill it. Throughout the story, even before it became immortal the bear was out of time because many people tried to kill the bear and they did not succeed. As years passed, the hunters grew older, yet the bear was still the same old bear. In an Ode on a Grecian Urn, the urn is quite immortal. The speaker talks about the scene depicted on the urn. The scene is out of time, as well as the whole urn itself, in that what it depicts is in the past and cannot be changed. The picture of happiness will be eternally engraved onto the side of the urn. This permanence of the urn and the scene depicted on it, are all antithetical to what human life really is: transitory and fleeting. As human life may pass, the urn is something greater, it is a metaphysical presence that will always be there. The urn helps the speaker learn and progress in much the same way that the bear helps Ike learn. It forces the speaker to look inward. The speaker imagines the meaning of the scenes depicted on the urn and the unheard melodies being sweeter than heard ones represents the urn s ability to force the speaker into creating his own story, a unique story that will be different to everyone who looks at the urn. In this way, the urn can represent everything that one has yet to experience. In both works, an item has force the main characters to look inward for answers and in the process has become a heralded object no longer stuck in the frame of time. Both objects represent opposites in that they are permanent while the frame of human life is finite and transitory. Objects leading to enlightenment by provoking thought from within are a main characteristic of both these stories.

5 Types of Phrasal Adjectives That Require Hyphens

5 Types of Phrasal Adjectives That Require Hyphens 5 Types of Phrasal Adjectives That Require Hyphens 5 Types of Phrasal Adjectives That Require Hyphens By Mark Nichol Hyphens, for the most part, have been relieved of their duty to connect prefixes to root words (though many people persist in unnecessarily hyphenating such terms as nonprofit). The primary function of the hyphen now is to indicate the interdependence of words that modify a noun, and many writers remain confused about or ignorant of their application in phrasal adjectives. The following sentences illustrate the types of errors that often occur. 1. That’s a totally played out joke we’ve seen a million times before. Unless two or more words that modify a noun constitute a standing phrase (such as â€Å"real estate† in â€Å"My sister is a real estate agent†), those words should be linked with one or more hyphens: â€Å"That’s a totally played-out joke we’ve seen a million times before.† (This strategy eliminates the possibility that readers will be confused about the meaning of the sentence, asking themselves, â€Å"How is an out joke played?†) 2. Police are seeking stun-gun wielding bandits who robbed beer from a convenience store. When one of the elements of a phrasal adjective itself is an open compound, as in â€Å"stun gun† here, writers sometimes correctly link the words in that compound but neglect to include one between that noun turned adjective and the adjective itself, an omission rectified here: â€Å"Police are seeking stun-gun-wielding bandits who robbed beer from a convenience store.† (Again, this form clarifies that the last two words in the phrase â€Å"stun-gun-wielding bandits† do not constitute a noun phrase; the sentence is not about the stun-gun subtype of a criminal called a wielding bandit.) 3. During this time, he started developing his man of action persona. Phrasal adjectives of the noun-preposition-noun form follow the same rule: â€Å"During this time, he started developing his man-of-action persona.† (This style compartmentalizes â€Å"man of action† into a single idea to aid in quick comprehension.) 4. He was signed to a $10 million a year contract. When a reference to a large amount of money modifies a noun, the number and the order of magnitude are not hyphenated (â€Å"$10 million contract†). However, the value â€Å"$10 million† is part of a phrasal adjective here, so it and the other two elements (a and year) must be linked: â€Å"He was signed to a $10 million-a-year contract.† 5. His resurrection came with unintended consequences, as is always the case in this sort of it’s not nice to fool Mother Nature morality tale. When an extended phrasal adjective that consists of a stock statement, as above, is not formatted as a modifying phrase, it cannot easily be identified as such until the reader reaches the end of the sentence, creating a significant obstacle to narrative flow. So that the sentence need not be reread for comprehension, unify the entire phrase: â€Å"His resurrection came with unintended consequences, as is always the case in this sort of it’s-not-nice-to-fool-Mother-Nature morality tale.† In this case, however, because the phrasal adjective consists of a quoted saying, it is easier on the eye to simply frame the statement in quotation marks: â€Å"His resurrection came with unintended consequences, as is always the case in this sort of ‘It’s not nice to fool Mother Nature’ morality tale. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Peace of Mind and A Piece of One's MindQuiet or Quite?

Magical Realism Symbolism Essays

Magical Realism Symbolism Essays Magical Realism Symbolism Paper Magical Realism Symbolism Paper Essay Topic: A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Magical Realism and Symbolism In literary works, to aim for a successful story the writers say as much as possible in a nutshell. They use three available resources which are symbol, allegory, and fantasy. In literature an allegory Is spontaneous and its a world of symbols. This literary device Is a story that has a deeper and more general meaning In addition to Its surface meaning providing a bundle of characters. Objects, or events with added significance. A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquee is a Tory that combines imagination with events that we live everyday. This fable keeps the reader waiting to find out the real meaning behind the old mans visit. It is a blue world when Appeal finds an old man with large, damaged wings stuck in the mud. This strange visitor owns a pair of wings and speaks a weird dialect, no one knows for sure who or what he Is. Garcia Marquezs short story displays the truth about us and society as a whole by comparing and contrasting two of the most noticeable and important symbols which are the title character, the Old Man, which is a symbol of scarification and the Spider-Girl, which symbolizes acceptance. The reactions from the people of the town toward the physical appearance of a strange creature with a bald skull, just a few teeth in his mouth and enormous and dirty wings like a rare angel, shows how people are very prejudiced to differences of other Individuals. They viewed the Old Man as an odd figure Just by looking at his outer shell. Despite the fact he has a great asset of an angel with those wings the Old Man is treated mass if he werent a supernatural creature but a circus animal. (270) The people didnt understand his dialect and Just because he was old, dirty and his wings distorted he was considered frail to be an angel. Father Kananga said, He had an unbearable smell of the outdoors, the back side of his wings was strewn with parasites and his main feathers had been mistreated by terrestrial winds, and nothing about him measured up to the proud diddling of angels. (271) Since, angels are usually depicted as beautiful, young, and clean and the Old Man didnt persist these qualities he was considered an illicit angel and therefore mistreated by his appearance. The man with enormous wings demonstrates noble characteristics that qualify him as an angel. This noble man never turned to them with violence in response to how they treated him, on the contrary he brings them good fortune. This clearly shows discrimi nation because the wings the old man carried made him uniquely different and this was the justification for the people treating him with such cruelty. The story says, With the money they saved they built a two-story mansion with balconies and gardens and high netting so the crabs wouldnt get in during the inter, and with iron bars on the window so the angel wouldnt get in. (273) The company of the angel deeply changed Appeal, Lessened, and their sons way of life. I nee went Trot Dealing relatively poor to Dealing people AT great wealth contradiction, they did not do anything for the angel to thank him and Just left him in the chicken coop like an animal. Along with these two people, the towns people didnt see the inner shell of this creature and Just based their characteristics on his overall The Spider-Girl is accepted by the people because she was understood by the people. Even though this womans physical appearance seems to include none in association with angels, on the contrary shes a, A frightful tarantula the size of a ram and with the head of a sad maiden. (273) She is treated with much more respect than the Old Man. A spider is usually depicted as large, hairy, ugly, and scary and yet she is given the chance to be accepted by the towns people by intriguing them with stories and showing her real self. The Spider-Girl, who is a symbol of acceptance and is a clear contrast of the Old Man. Her story of disobeying her parents by going dancing and for violating their ales and being struck by lighting and changed into a giant ugly tarantula is the key for acceptance. Her admission price is much more lower than that of the Old Man and she speaks to her visitors explaining the reason behind her appearance. Since her story is easy to understand and her explanation is a clear moral, the people believe her and accept her. In contrast, the Old Man does nothing to explain the reason behind his appearance, doesnt entertain people the way the Spider-Girl does, and instead his miracles are drawn as practical Jokes. It seems to be a public acceptance of supernatural explanations for such simple standards. In literary works, allegories help the reader add to the point that the author is trying to make. For example, abstract qualities are shown through both characters, the Old Man and the Spider-Girl and this helps personify the characters and it helps relate the world today with the whole race issue. It assists in classifying the roles of a personal quality and trait by leading clues for the reader to follow the deeper meaning. Using allegories in a piece of fiction makes the writing more interesting and unique and keeps the readers challenged. Garcia

Segundo de Chomon and His Ciinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Segundo de Chomon and His Ciinema - Essay Example As the study stresses on one side the cinema is documenting reality, the reality of the train coming to the platform. On the other hand the same cinema is making the unreal look real, by making the viewer believe that the train coming towards him is real. These two qualities of Cinema led to the division of it into documentaries and feature films or fantasy films .It was the French magician Georges Melies who first explored the possibility of fantasy created through cinema He was the one to use what we now call the special effects in cinema. He discovered the cinematic special effect called the stop trick, in which objects disappear from the screen. He is the one to use the photographic effect called the multiple exposure, and also time lapse photography. He achieved all this with in a year after the Lumiere show, that’s in 1896. With his inventiveness, humor and the visual power Melies could create magic on the screen, so that he was called the â€Å"Cine magician†. Ac cording to Robert Philip Kolker, â€Å"Lumiere and Melies are posited as progenitors of two separate modes of cinematic expression, the one photographing things existing in the world, the other creating fantasies in the studio.† Years later Teruel Segundo de Chomon y Ruiz took forwards this fantasy and magic of cinema initiated by Georges Melies, both of them in France. Chomon’s Les Kiriki: Acrobats Japanois is a two minutes thirty seconds film that shows the Melies’s effect on him. This film was made one hundred and two years ago in 1907.It shows a group of dances who look like Japanese acrobats. Their samurai hair style is absurd and not correctly matching the samurai style at all.

Statistical Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Statistical Methods - Assignment Example It is also important to note that gender and level of satisfaction may have things that cannot be deemed as job orientated or appear to divulge applicants inner feelings and thoughts. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the management to ensure that every employee feel appreciated and important in the place of work. Several studies have revealed a positive relationship between gender and the extent to which they feel their work is interesting. Most employees want to enjoy their work hence they will prefer to work on firms where they feel comfortable. However, the level at which an employee enjoy his or her work depends on the gender of the employee. Some jobs are better enjoyed by female employees as compared to male employees; and vice versa. In this regard, this study tries to understand the relationship between gender and extent to which respondents feel their work is interesting. The study uses 200 respondents from three employers- Smith Ltd, Jones Plc and Farmhouse. The variables used for the study gender, employer, enjoying the work, services, food, professional and many more. The number of respondents of the study was 200 with three employers-that is Smiths Ltd, Jones Plc. and Farmhouse. The number of respondents that participated in the survey in terms of gender was 96 and 104 for male and female respectively. This represents 47.8% and 51.7% respectively. As mentioned above, the employers were Smiths Ltd, Jones Plc. and Farmhouse. In this regard, 72 of the respondents were from Smiths Ltd while 70 and 58 of the respondents were from Jones Plc. and Farmhouse respectively. The number of male and female respondents from Smiths Ltd is 36 and 36 respectively. The number of male and female respondents from Jones Plc. is 37 and 33 respectively. On the other hand, the number of male and female respondents from Farmhouse is 23 and 35 respectively. The average weekly wage considering the three companies was 353.9990 with the highest paying company

Drug Use And Social Control Criminology Essay

Drug Use And Social Control Criminology Essay Drug use and addiction have been a long time burden for society. Over the years many programs have been developed to help curb illegal activity, however it still continues. While appropriate attempts to control drug abuse have surfaced, there have also been many that have proven counterproductive. There are a number of theories as to why these theories have developed, but one might speculate that it is because drug abuse has such a wide and varied effect on families, society as well as the criminal justice system. This creates many attempts at control and is possibly the biggest reason for the numerous factors that involve drug abuse and society. This paper will examine the reaction of society to drug abuse and the attempts that have been made to control such behavior. The Stigma Of Abuse There are many stigmas that surface in society, each ranging in severity and consequence. Society, as a whole is quick to judge others and make rash assumptions about the person, based on their actions or other limited information. Those that abuse illicit drugs are one of the most stigmatized groups in society today. There is a negative connotation at the mere speaking of drug abuse. Children are taught from an early age that drugs are bad and will lead them to a life full of crime and potentially even death. While these speculations are not inaccurate, it does send a message to youth that relays that people, who suffer from addiction, are bad and/or criminals (Ball, 2007). While these assumptions may be correct in some respects, it is inappropriate to generalize groups of people as a whole. There are a number of situations and circumstances that can cause addiction, not only poor personal choices. A stigma is defined as, an attribute that is deeply discrediting, occurs when an individual experiences social disqualification due to a specific attribute or flaw (Palamar, Kiang Halkitis, 2012). In lay terms, a stigma is a preconceived notion about an individual based on their actions or perceived actions. While most consider stigmas a negative concept, it appears to be engrained in human nature to engage in this type of behavior. According to Palamar, Kiang and Halkitis, stigmas are also based on the type of drug and method of use as well (2012 ). For example, some consider the harder drugs, such as heroin or amphetamines, to be the worst and those that use them as the worst addicts. The reason for the more negative assumptions may be based on the level of harm that the drug causes. Heroin and methamphetamine are known to cause severe health concerns and commonly lead to illegal behavior that has a negative effect on society. As harm comes to society, individuals quickly associat e the drug and caused actions, thereby creating animosity and fueling the stigma. In many cases, the stigma might be used as a form of punishment to the user that is hoped to curtail or prevent drug abuse. The theory being that if enough pressure is placed on the individual than they will stop using drugs however is rarely successful. Addiction is a disease and the mere words or negative attitudes of others are not sufficient in stopping the cycle of abuse (Tiger, 2011). Families, commonly put pressure on their loved ones, who are using drugs, possibly even not speaking to them, in hopes that they will wake up and cease their drug use. Even though stigmas are sometimes used to curb the problem, it oftentimes leads to additional problems. As these individuals attempt to mesh in society, by getting a job or attempting sobriety they are often frowned upon, which creates more distance. Many employers will not hire them, which facilitates unemployment, and continued drug abuse. Certainly, it is not the fault of the employer, but if the addict is not able to work and sustain a life by paycheck, they may return to stealing to support himself or family. The Criminal Justice System Legislation and laws are not new to the criminal justice system. There have been laws regarding illicit drug use for many years. What has changed in recent decades is the way that drug offenses are charged, handled and processed. There are approximately 2.3 billion offenders in jail or prison for drug offenses in the United States (Tiger, 2011). That is a significant increase over the past years and one might speculate that it is because of tougher laws, more enforcement and awareness about drug abuse than in past years. One of the most notable policy changes has come with the establishment of what is known as Drug Court. Originally introduced by the criminal court system, Drug Courts have been put in action to address drug offenses in a more efficient manner (Tiger, 2011). Before these specialty courts were established, an individual convicted of drug offenses, may be punished, fined or incarcerated and then returned to society. In addition to prison and jail overcrowding, society a lso noted that the system was not efficient and had poor results. Typically these individuals would be back in the court system very soon after their charge, for another drug offense. Not only does this place the individual at harm, it also creates a danger to society. An example of this harm is an individual convicted of driving while intoxicated and then has another accident that takes someones life. They were not helped by going to jail or having a court date, their alcoholism was never addressed, which meant that the legal system failed in many respects. In order to address these issues, the 1966 Narcotic Rehabilitation Act was established, which gave each state the right or ability to force an offender into treatment or rehabilitation (Tiger, 2011). This then gave way to court ordered treatment and thereby the drug court system. Drug court is meant to oversee the offender in many different aspects of their life. In addition to addressing their criminal behavior, they also oversee their addiction treatment while they are on probation per say. The individuals assigned to drug court are generally drug tested every month, required to pay a fine and also report for monthly appointments. By requiring drug treatment the individual is addressing their legal concerns, but also getting help for the root of the problem, which is addiction. Commonly, counseling and other therapeutic services are required of offenders to assist them in changing their life. Coerced Treatment As A Form Of Control Understandably, one of the first lines of defenses for families is coerced treatment. In most states there are laws and protections that allow a person, who is in danger of harm to be committed. In many cases, families are frustrated with their loved ones and fearful for their safety so they attempt to convince or force the person into treatment. Unfortunately, when an individual is an adult it is rather difficult to force them into treatment without legal action. This is generally only relevant to a person that is exhibiting suicidal or homicidal ideas and not a person using illicit drugs. Forcing treatment is mistakenly thought to be a line of defense, however rarely works because of the users rights and freedoms (Ball, 2007). While families or other loved ones cannot force their family member into treatment the court system does have the ability to require treatment. Most offenders take the offered help, however there are those that refuse treatment or counseling. Each individual is given the choice, granted it is either treatment or jail time, but they still have the choice. There are those that are in and out of the prison system, who never engage in treatment or accept help, thereby perpetuating the cycle of abuse. Prevention The War Against Drugs With the increase in the criminalization of drugs in the past 30 years there have also been numerous changes to prevention attempts (Ball, 2007). Almost every school and community proudly boosts the fact that they offer drug prevention and awareness education. There have been a number of programs that have been created based on educating the community about drugs, harms and fads that are present. The increased amount of drugs and detriment has caused an increase in media coverage and allowed people to become more aware of the prevalence of drug use. With that also came a demand for an increase in Federal funding for prevention measures, treatment and assistance for those of lower socio-economic status. One of the major themes of prevention is an attempt to learn more about the causes and risk factors of addiction. There has been a great deal of controversy over the years regarding the causes of addiction. The nature versus nurture argument suggests that individuals become who they are or engage in particular behavior based on either their genetics or influence of environment (Zimic Jukic, 2012). Some argue that individuals are born with the propensity to use drugs based on hereditary and genetic factors. This would mean that regardless of the type of parents or environment that a child grew up with that they would be genetically predisposed to use drugs. On the flip side of the argument, individuals are said to be shaped by their experiences throughout their lives. These experiences shape who they are and what types of behavior that they engage in. For example, a child that grows up in a home where drug abuse is prevalent would be more likely to follow in the same footsteps as their parents. Both theories make excellent points, and many choose to believe that individuals are influence by both genetics and their environment. Other factors that place individuals at a higher risk of drug abuse is lower socio-economic status, family problems, academic trouble, mental illness as well as a host of other factors (Zimic Jukic, 2012). In light of these factors being noted, programs have been established to combat the negative effects. Programs such as the girls and boys clubs and mentor groups are put into place to assist children that might be from broken homes, have poor parental support or be associating with the wrong crowd. These programs are aimed at prevention and cessation as a measure to reduce the amount of drug use as well as criminal behavior. These intervention programs are meant to assist parents in a better understanding of the needs of their children, the warning signs of drug abuse as well as the importance of the family role. For the child, the programs are meant for education, but also guidance and to learn improved coping skills or manners by which to deal with the stress or problems that ar e placing them at the greatest risk of abuse. Harm Reduction Theory The harm reduction theory is considered a method of control for both drug addicts and society in general. This thought process is based on the belief that certain types of treatment or prevention are less harmful than drug use or risky behavior (Ball, 2007). One of the best examples of this belief system is Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Methadone is a synthetic opiate that is used to keep heroin addicts from using illicit drugs (Zimic Jukic, 2012). Methadone blocks the opioid receptors in the brain, thereby preventing the addicts ability to get high from continued heroin abuse. Some suggest that the introduction of methadone is simply another drug, because it is addictive and the individual becomes physically dependent. Those that promote methadone treatment suggest that these individuals, even though they are addicted to methadone, can functionally normally within society. Rather than engaging in criminal activities for drug money, the individuals can work, engage in family activities and receive psychological counseling. Other forms of harm reduction programs and theories are centered on providing condoms or even clean needles for IV drug users. The theory behind this controversial practice is the hopes that there will be a decrease or reduction in the amount of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C and tuberculosis (Ball, 2007). Society and families have long stood against illegal drug use. There are a number of programs and prevention attempts that are currently used. While this assistance is used as a manner of control the negative stigma about drug users is still very prevalent in todays society. Drug users are frowned upon and typically have a difficult time in society because of their choices and actions. It is important that society continue educating about drugs, harms and how perceived attitudes can further the problems. Education and continued address are the best lines of defense for prevention. Additional research into addiction and better therapy or treatment could also assist society in gaining better control of the problems at hand.

Louisa and Sissy: Fact Against Fancy in Hard Times

Louisa and Sissy: Fact against fancy in Hard Times. Two female characters in Hard Times, Louisa Gradgrind and Sissy Jupe could be considered contrastive by fate and there is moral fable in this contrast. It is significant that in last two paragraphs of the novel Dickens applies to motherhood as a sense of woman happiness. Daughter of main educator of Coketown, have got only the bitter questionnaire: â€Å"Herself again a wife – a mother – lovingly watchful of her children, ever careful that they should have a childhood of the mind no less than a childhood of the body, as knowing it to be even a more beautiful thing, and a possession, any hoarded scrap of which, is a blessing and happiness to the wisest? Did Louisa see this? Such a thing was never to be. †(Chapter 9, Final, p. 274) But Sissy, â€Å"Girl number twenty† (Chapter 1,p. ) in Gradgrind list, was granted with love and motherhood in return for her human virtue: â€Å" But, happy Sissy's happy children loving her; all children loving her; she, grown learned in childish lore; thinking no innocent and pretty fancy ever to be despised; trying hard to know her humbler fellow-creatures, and to beautify their lives of machinery and reality with those imaginative graces and delights,†¦ or fancy dress, or fancy fair; b ut simply as a duty to be done, – did Louisa see these things of herself? These things were to be. † (Chapter 9, Final, p. 274) What is the major difference between two of them and why author gives credits to simple-minded Sissy, and left sorrows for educated Louisa? The reader can understand, that Gradgrind was disappointed with Sissy from the very beginning. He didn’t like the fact, that her father works in the circus. Fun and imagination were beyond Gradgrind’s acceptation. Sissy failed with factual definition of the horse in the very beginning of the novel and becomes a loser in his eyes. But his own daughter, Louisa, has to struggle with inner conflict:†fire with nothing to burn†(Ch. 3) Her imagination was suppressed up to degree of starving under the pressure of that utilitarian educational virtue of â€Å"fact†. Trying to see a circus she and her brother Tom peep though the loophole. Being asked about, she simply answered: ‘Wanted to see what it was like† (Ch. 8). Somehow she neglected her father’s slogan: †Louisa, never wonder! †(Ch. 8) In the article Charles Dickens, Hard times: for these times Chris Bilton says: â€Å"The only escape from this relentless grind of alculation and rationality is the horse-riding circus, glimpsed tantalisingly by Gradgrind’s children through a hole in the tent. Here is food for the ‘idle imagination’ and ‘fancy’ their father denies them† Louisa and her brother are deemed to have the best, as their father is a very knowledgeable man and they are â€Å"model children† in â€Å"model house†, but â€Å" starved imagination keeping life in itself somehow, which brightened it’s expression†. Dickens is depicturing that Louisa knows so many facts, but has not much to imagine. This â€Å" metallurgical Louisa† used to look out the window at the factory chimneys and observe: â€Å"There seems to be nothing there but languid and monotonous smoke. Yet when the night comes, Fire bursts out. † She can only state a fact about her surroundings. Dickens shows how forced education in a militant style can hurt a developing mind more than help it. Attentive reader can recognize intonation of reproach in her timid speech: â€Å"You have been so careful of me, that I never had a child's dream. You have dealt so wisely with me, father, from my cradle to this hour, that I never had a child's belief or a child's fear† . But the most dramatic moment happened in the very end of Book The Second, then mental breakdown happened to Louisa and Gradgrind â€Å"laid her down there, and sow the pride of his heart and the triumph of his system, lying, an insensible heap, at his feet† (p. 204) Sissy Jupe in other hand, also was treated by Gradgrind’s system. But she was a daughter of the circus clown, and spent early childhood in lively atmosphere, surrounded by emotional people, who taught her other things, then facts: In the article â€Å"Taking Dickens to task:Hard Times once more† Malkolm Pittok states: † For the circus has as its raison d'etre the development of ‘useless' and ‘unproductive'acrobatic skills, the dramatic enactment of highly coloured fictions, and a mode of fanciful, and fancifully advertised, play. In direct contrast to the selfish individualism promoted by Gradgrindism, its members show a generous solidarity and human directness of response. †(p. 116) Gradgrid was trying to influence this foil with his utilitarian approach, but he failed. She depictured as emotional girl from the very beginning: â€Å"Sissy Jupe, Sir†, explained number twenty, blushing†¦(Ch 2, p 8) Sissy began living with the Gradgrind family, and indirectly helped them to understand, that something in their life was missed. Love and care were unknown virtues in this family. â€Å"Only Sissy Jupe, the finest flower of the ircus way of life, has influence where it matters and becomes a beacon of effective light and goodness – a model for all of us to aspire to†, says Pittock. Louisa and Sissy have significant dialog in the Book The Third, Chapter 1. Louisa begging for her friendship: â€Å"Forgive me, pity me, help me! Have compassion on my great need, and let me lay this head o f mine upon a loving heart! †(p. 210) So the â€Å"poor girl† becomes the only â€Å"loving heart† for Gradgrind’s family. She took care of Mrs. Gradgrind and after he death becomes a mother to younger children of this family. So it is right time to conclude, that fancy wins the fact as far as Sissy granted with female happiness in the very end of Hard Tines and educated Louisa went through mental suffer and appeared childless. To state, that motherhood is the only virtue of female life is not right, but there not too much left for woman, if she never ever experienced the happiness of motherhood. Works Cited: Bilton, Chris Charles Dickens, Hard times: for these times. International Journal of Cultural Policy Vol. 16, No. 1, February 2010, 15–16 Web 03 Nov 2011 Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. Oxford University Press, New York, 2008. Print.

Experiment on polytropic process Essay

Polytropic Expansion of Air Object The object of this experiment is to find the relation between pressure and volume for the expansion of air in a pressure vessel – this expansion is a thermodynamic process. Introduction The expansion or compression of a gas can be described by the polytropic relation , where p is pressure, v is specific volume, c is a constant and the exponent n depends on the thermodynamic process. In our experiment compressed air in a steel pressure vessel is discharged to the atmosphere while the air remaining inside expands. Temperature and pressure measurements of the air inside the vessel are recorded. These two measurements are used to produce the polytropic exponent n for the expansion process. Historical background Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) [1] in his 1824 â€Å"Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop This Power,† examines a reciprocating, piston-in-cylinder engine. Carnot describes a cycle applied to the machine appearing in Figure 5.1, which contains his original sketch. In this figure air is contained in the chamber formed by the piston cd in the cylinder. Two heat reservoirs A and B, with temperature greater than temperature , are available to make contact with cylinder head ab. The reservoirs A and B maintain their respective temperatures during heat transfer to or from the cylinder head. Carnot gives the following six steps for his machine: 1.The piston is initially at cd when high-temperature reservoir A is brought into contact with the cylinder head ab. 2.There is isothermal expansion to ef 3.Reservoir A is removed and the piston continues to gh and so cools to . 4.Reservoir B makes contact causing isothermal compression from gh to cd. 5.Reservoir B is removed but continual compression from cd to ik causes the temperature to rise to . 6.Reservoir A makes contact, isothermally expanding the air to cd and thus completing the cycle. A decade later Clapeyron [2] analyzed Carnot’s cycle by introducing a pressure-volume, p-v diagram. Clapeyron’s diagram is reproduced next to Carnot’s engine in Figure 5.1. Claperon labels his axes y and x, which correspond to pressure and volume, respectively. We will examine two process paths in this diagram: the isothermal compression path F-K and the isothermal expansion path C-E. Since both of these processes are isothermal, pv = RT = constant. This is a special case of the polytropic process , where, for the isothermal process, n = 1, so we have the same result, pv = c. Figure 5.1 Left sketch: Carnot’s engine, after Carnot [1]. Right sketch: Clapeyron’s pressure-volume, p-v diagram, after Clapeyron [2]. For the axes in Clapeyron’s diagram x = v and y = p. The Experiments Photographs of the equipment appear in Figures 5.2 and 5.3, and a sketch of the components appears in Figure 5.4. steel pressure vessel discharge valves thermocouple conduit pressure transducer Figure 5.2 The polytropic expansion experiment at Cal Poly. thermocouples thermocouple conduit Figure 5.3 Two, Type-T thermocouples are located inside the pressure vessel, at the geometric center. Only one thermocouple is used – the other is a spare. In the photo the thermocouple conduit has been removed and held outside of the vessel. The junctions of these thermocouples are constructed of extremely fine wires (0.0254mm diameter) that provide a fast time response. Figure 5.4 The polytropic expansion experiment equipment. Pressure measurements come from the pressure transducer tapped in to the pressure vessel shown in Figure 5.4. The transducer is powered by the unit labeled â€Å"CD23†, which is a Validyne [3] carrier demodulator. The fine wire thermocouple is described in the Figure 5.3 caption. Both thermocouple and pressure signals feed into an Omega [4] flatbed recorder. The three discharge valves on the right side of the vessel have small, medium, and large orifices. These orifices allow the air inside the vessel expand at three different rates. The pressure vessel is first charged with the compressed air supply. This causes the air that enters the vessel to initially rise in temperature. After a few minutes the temperature reaches equilibrium at which time one of the discharge valves is opened. Temperature and pressure are recorded for each expansion process. These data are then used to compute the polytropic exponent n for each process. It is important to note that the temperature and pressure of the air inside the vessel are measured, not the air discharging from the vessel. Data Pressure and temperature data, for the three runs, are provided in the EXCEL file â€Å"Experiment 5 Data.xls.† Analysis In many cases the process path for a gas expanding or contracting follows the relationship (5.1) The polytropic exponent n can theoretically range from . However, Wark [5] reports that the relation is especially useful when . For the following simple processes the n values are: isobaric process (constant pressure)n = 0 isothermal process (constant temperature)n = 1 isentropic process (constant entropy)n = k ( k=1.4 for air) isochoric process (constant volume)n = ï‚ ¥ In our experiment the steel pressure vessel is initially charged with compressed air of mass . Next, the vessel is discharged and the remaining air mass is . This final mass was part of the initial mass and occupied part of the volume of the vessel at the initial state. Thus expanded within the vessel with a corresponding change in temperature and pressure. Therefore mass can be considered a closed system with a moving system boundary and the following form of the first law of thermodynamics applies (5.2) If the system undergoes an adiabatic expansion , and if the work at the moving system boundary is reversible. Furthermore, if we consider the air to be an ideal gas with constant specific heat. With these considerations the first law reduces to (5.3) Using the ideal gas assumption and differentiating this equation gives (5.4) Substituting Equation 5.4 into 5.3 and using the relationships and gives Separating variables and integrating this equation, , yields (5.5) which is a special case of the polytropic relationship given by Equation 5.1, with n = k. It is important to note that in the development of Equation 5.5 the expansion of inside the pressure vessel was assumed to be reversible and adiabatic, i.e. an isentropic expansion. In our experiment the adiabatic assumption is accurate during initial discharge. However, the reversible assumption is clearly not applicable because the air expands irreversibly from high pressure to low pressure. Therefore we anticipate our data to yield . Two approaches are used to determined the polytropic exponent n from the data: 1. Equation 5.1 can be written as , which is a power law equation. In EXCEL, a plot of p versus v and a power law curve fit using TRENDLINE will disclose n. 2. Equation 5.6 (subsequently developed) may be used with only two states to determine n. Here is the outline of the development of Equation 5.6. We start with , which also can be expressed as and combine this with the ideal gas law to obtain (5.6) The temperatures and pressures in Equation 5.6 are all absolute and the subscripts 1 and 2 represent the initial and final states. Required 1. Pressure and temperature data are provided for all three runs in â€Å"Experiment 5 Data.xls.† Use the ideal gas law, pv = RT, to compute v corresponding to each p. Use SI units: m3/kg for v and Pa for p. 2. Plot p versus v and find n: For each run, on a separate graph, plot p [on the ordinate (vertical) axis] versus v [on the abscissa (horizontal) axis]. Use linear scales. Determine the polytropic exponent n for each run using a TRENDLINE power curve fit. Also find the correlation coefficient for each curve. (Be aware that the TRENDLINE power curve fit will give , where y = p, x = v and a and b are constants.) Plot all three runs on a single graph and find n for the combined data. 3. Derive Equation 5.6. 4. Find n for each run using Equation 5.6, where states 1 and 2 represent the beginning and ending states, respectively. 5. In a single table show all of the n values. 6. Discuss the meaning of your n values, that is, how does your n value compare with n values for other, known processes? Nomenclature c constant, N m specific heat constant pressure, kJ/kg K specific heat constant volume, kJ/kg K k specific heat ratio, dimensionless n polytropic exponent, dimensionless p absolute pressure, Pa or psia Q heat transfer, kJ R gas constant, kJ/kg K (Rair = 0.287 kJ/kg ·K) T temperature,  °C or K U internal energy, kJ v specific volume, m3/kg V volume m3 W work, kJ Subscripts 1,2 thermodynamic states References 1. Carnot, S., â€Å"Rà ©flexions sur la puissance motive du feu et sur les machines propres à   dà ©velopper cette puissance,† Paris, 1824. Reprints in Paris: 1878, 1912, 1953. English translation by R. H. Thurston, â€Å"Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop This Power,† ASME, New York, 1943. 2. Clapeyron, E., â€Å"Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat,† Journal de l’École Polytechnic, Vol. 14, 1834; translation in E. Mendoza (Ed.) â€Å"Reflections on the motive Power of Fire and Other Papers,† Dover, New York, 1960. 3. Validyne Engineering Sales Corp., 8626 Wilbur Avenue, Northridge, CA. 91324 http://www.validyne.com/ 4. OMEGA Engineering, INC., One Omega Drive, Stamford, Connecticut 06907-0047 http://www.omega.com/ 5. Wark, K. Jr. & D.E. Richards, Thermodynamics, 6th Ed, WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1999.  © 2005 by Ronald S. Mullisen Physical Experiments in Thermodynamics Experiment 5

The Snows of Kilimanjaro -Analysis - 1375 Words

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